2026/7/7 18:18:59 2026/7/7 18:18:59 Bemisia tabaci is a globally significant piercing-sucking pest that causes direct damage to plants by feeding and also indirectly affects normal plant growth by transmitting various plant viruses. In China, the outbreak risk of this pest is primarily influenced by cryptic species replacement, host adaptation, virus transmission, insecticide resistance evolution, and cultivation environments. In recent years, the Mediterranean cryptic species (MED) has become dominant in multiple surveyed regions, and the spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, which is transmitted by B. tabaci, has intensified. Meanwhile, field populations of MED have shown reduced sensitivity to multiple classes of insecticides, weakening the stability of control strategies that rely solely on chemical pesticides to suppress pest populations. This article systematically reviews the occurrence and development of important B. tabaci cryptic species in China, focusing on their damage, cryptic species replacement, host adaptation, interactions with viruses, insecticide resistance mechanisms, and green control technologies, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of B. tabaci.]]> 2026/7/7 18:18:59 Bemisia tabaci]]> Bemisia tabaci, the geminiviruses it transmits, and host plants constitute a sophisticated and complex tripartite interaction network in agricultural ecosystems. This interplay extends far beyond the traditional pathogen-vector relationship and has evolved into an evolutionary arms race involving gene expression remodeling, metabolic network regulation, and neurobehavioral manipulation. Geminiviruses rely on B. tabaci for persistent circulative transmission and overcome transmission barriers with the aid of proteins and endosymbiotic bacteria in the insect. During long-term coevolution, geminiviruses have acquired the ability to hijack plant jasmonic acid signaling pathways and secondary metabolic pathways through effectors, thereby indirectly regulating the feeding and preference behaviors of B. tabaci. Recent studies have further revealed that viruses can directly invade the neural and immune systems of B. tabaci, including neurodegeneration in the brain, disrupting olfactory receptor expression, and remodeling intracellular immune homeostasis to achieve precise manipulation of vector behavior. Based on the dual mechanisms by which the viruses regulate B. tabaci behaviour through direct and indirect pathways, this review systematically summarizes the tripartite interaction model among B. tabaci, geminiviruses, and host plants, namely the viral ¡®push-pull' strategy towards B. tabaci, summarizes the viral transmission mechanisms based on this strategy, and discusses how mutualism between geminiviruses and B. tabaci influences their widespread transmission and prevalence across the globe.]]> 2026/7/7 18:18:59 Bemisia tabaci]]> Bemisia tabaci is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide, which causes enormous economic losses to global agricultural production by direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Neonicotinoids insecticides have long been applied for control of B. tabaci because their high efficacy, broad spectrum and low toxicity to mammals. However, the continuous and excessive application of neonicotinoids has led to increasingly severe resistance in B. tabaci. Enhanced detoxification metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(P450s) is a major, mechanism underlying neonicotinoid resistance in B. tabaci. This paper systematically reviews the evolution of resistance to neonicotinoids in field populations of B. tabaci, summarizes the key cytochrome P450 genes involved in detoxification metabolism and their functions, reviews progress in the complex molecular regulatory networks corrdinating the trade-off between insecticide resistance and fitness costs, and discusses future research directions, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the scientific monitoring and effective management of insecticide resistance in B. tabaci.]]> 2026/7/7 18:18:59 Bemisia tabaci]]> Begomovirus solanumdelhiense), an important member of the family Geminiviridae and the genus Begomovirus, is a plant virus transmitted by the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci. In recent years, it has invaded many regions of China, spreading rapidly in solanaceous and cucurbit crops and inflicting severe economic losses. This review systematically summarizes the genomic structure, genetic differentiation, and multiple transmission routes of ToLCNDV, with a focus on the transmission process of this virus by B. tabaci. We also summarize the critical factors influencing the transmission efficiency of ToLCNDV by B. tabaci, including the divergent transmission capacities among different cryptic species of B. tabaci, the varying transmission efficiencies of different lineages of ToLCNDV in distinct B. tabaci cryptic species, and the regulatory effects of host plants on virus transmission behavior of B. tabaci based on viral load and plant volatile profiles. In addition, prospects are put forward from the aspects of virus-vector-host interaction mechanisms, detection technologies and prevention strategies, aiming to deepen the understanding of the interaction between ToLCNDV and B. tabaci and provide theoretical basis and reference for the scientific prevention and control of this emerging plant viral disease.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:00 Bemisia tabaci]]> Bemisia tabaci, a major agricultural pest, causes severe economic losses through ingesting phloem sap, excreting honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth, and transmitting numerous plant viruses. Plant secondary metabolites constitute a central chemical defense against whiteflies; in response, tobacco whiteflies have evolved advanced chemosensory and metabolic detoxification systems to circumvent plant defensive defensive compounds. This review systematically summarized the functions and mechanisms of major defensive secondary metabolites, including terpenes, phenolics, nitrogen-containing compounds, and acylsugars, in plant defense against tobacco whiteflies. This review also further examines the chemosensory and metabolic detoxification mechanisms that whiteflies deploy against these compounds. Meanwhile, we discuss further research directions for integrated management strategies based on plant chemical defenses, including validation under multiple environments, integration of multiple technologies, assessment of non-target effects, and application of novel approaches. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for advancing the understanding of secondary metabolites-mediated plant-whitefly interaction, guiding direction for breeding insect-resistant crop varieties, and developing sustainable pest management strategies.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:00 Bemisia tabaci]]> Bemisia tabaci in Xuchang City, Henan Province and its relationship with meteorological factors, manual surveys and intelligent monitoring devices were deployed in urban and agricultural areas of Xuchang in 2024 and 2025 to monitor the population dynamics of B. tabaci, while key meteorological data were simultaneously collected and analyzed. The results showed that the initial occurrence period of B. tabaci spanned mid-to-late May to mid-to-late June, while the final occurrence period from late November to early December. The population basically exhibited a bimodal distribution, with peaks appearing in early-to-mid September and early October. Compared with 2024, the population peak periods in 2025 were generally 11-17 days earlier. The initial occurrence period at urban monitoring sites showed a marked difference, occurring approximately 23-30 days earlier. The population peak periods monitored by intelligent devices in 2024 were consistent with those from manual surveys. Correlation analysis showed that the population abundance of B. tabaci was extremely significantly and positively correlated with ten-day mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, extreme maximum and minimum temperature, average relative humidity, and precipitation, while exhibiting an extremely significant negative correlation with ten-day mean wind speed. In agricultural areas, the population abundance was also significantly negatively correlated with the ten-day sunshine duration. Principal component analysis further confirmed that the comprehensive temperature index was the dominant factor, with a cumulative contribution rate of 56.12%. These findings indicate that the population dynamics of B. tabaci in Xuchang City are affected by multiple factors, among which temperature serves as the primary influencing factor.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:00 Bemisia tabaci]]> Bemisia tabaci in Foshan City, ten field populations of B. tabaci were collected from five districts in Foshan. The cryptic species composition was identified, the susceptibility of seven populations to seven commonly used insecticides, including abamectin, imidacloprid, pymetrozine, flupyradifurone, sulfoxaflor, thiamethoxam, and nitenpyram, was evaluated, and the associated molecular mechanisms of resistance were analyzed. The results showed that among the ten field populations of B. tabaci collected, six consisted of a mixed population of the Middle East-Asia Minor 1(MEAM1) and Mediterranean(MED) cryptic species, three were pure MEAM1 populations, and only one was a pure MED population. All seven tested populations were susceptible to abamectin. Five populations exhibited a high resistance to imidacloprid; six populations showed moderate, high, or extremely resistance to sulfoxaflor; six populations were classified as susceptible, low resistant, or moderately resistant to pymetrozine, and six populations exhibited low or moderate resistance to nitenpyram. Among six tested populations, only the XDNC population showed reduced susceptibility to flupyradifurone, whereas the remaining five populations showed moderate resistance. Considerable variation in resistance to thiamethoxam was observed among the six populations. In the KXL population, which showed high resistance to both thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, the expression levels of CYP4C64, GST1, GST5, and GST14 were significantly upregulated. In the imidacloprid-resistance ZBST population, GST5, GST14, UTG354A1, and CYP6CM1 were significantly upregulated. In the sulfoxaflor-resistant FKY population, CYP6CM1, GST5, and GST14 were significantly upregulated. The frequency of resistance-associated mutations in CYP4C64 was below 50.0% in all seven field populations, whereas a 100.0% homozygous resistance-associated point mutation was detected in the acetylcholinesterase 1(AChE1) gene in six populations. In conclusion, abamectin may be a preferred option for the control of B. tabaci in Foshan, while imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor should be used cautiously. The remaining four insecticides should be applied according to the resistance status of local population.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:00 Bemisia tabaci]]> in vitro expression of cytochrome P450(P450) from tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci, CYP4C64 was selected as a model gene and its in vitro expression conditions was systematically optimized using a baculovirus expression system. Its metabolic activity was subsequently evaluated in vitro, and its function was further validated at the population level. The results showed that co-expression of P450 with cytochrome P450 reductase(CPR) required an optimal P450 ratio of 50¡Ã1. Both excessive and insufficient CPR expression significantly reduced the efficiency of functional P450 formation. In addition, P450 activity exhibited a pronounced time-dependent pattern, reaching a peak approximately 44 h after transfection of Trichoplusia ni H5 cells, followed by a rapid decline. An in vitro P450 expression system was established by optimizing the CPR ratio and expression time window. This system produced functional CYP4C64 protein with stable catalytic activity and catalyzed the N-demethylation of dinotefuran to generate the less toxic metabolite dinotefuran-urea. Furthermore, CYP4C64 was significantly overexpressed in resistant populations of B. tabaci. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of CYP4C64 significantly increased the susceptibility of B. tabaci to dinotefuran, whereas overexpression of CYP4C64 in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster significantly enhanced tolerance to dinotefuran. These findings collectively validate the role of CYP4C64 at both the metabolic-function and resistance-phenotype levels. These results indicate that the B. tabaci CYP4C64 in vitro expression system established in this study has good reproducibility and can be used for studies of metabolic mechanisms in B. tabaci.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:01 Bemisia tabaci]]> Purpureocillium lilacinum against its insect host, candidate effectors were systematically predicted based on the published whole-genome information of this fungus. Bioinformatics analysis was performed on all 11 763 protein sequences to screen candidate effectors, and their expression patterns in response to crude extracts from different developmental stages of tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci(eggs, second-instar nymphs and female adults) were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that 1 072 proteins containing signal peptides were predicted using SignalP 5.0; 1 048 proteins with fewer than two transmembrane domains were further screened using TMHMM 2.0; TargetP 2.0 predicted that the signal peptides of 1 044 proteins were localized to the secretory pathway; and ProtComp 9.0 indicated that 653 proteins were potentially extracellular. Among these proteins, 396 had more than six cysteine residues, 119 contained tandem repeats according to T-Reks analysis, and 43 were functionally annotated in the pathogenhost interaction database. Nine proteins shorter than 300 amino acids were selected, and eight potential pathogenicity-related effectors were predicted based on mutant phenotypes. Among them, the coding genes of six effectors showed increased expression over time under induction by crude extracts of B. tabaci female adults, and the induction effect of female adults was stronger than that of 2 nd-instar nymphs and eggs. In particular, PlEF5 and PlEF8 exhibited the highest expression levels at 48 h(35.9-and 38.5-fold that of the control, respectively). In contrast, PlEF6 was continuously downregulated in all treatments. These results indicate that P. lilacinum responds differentially to surface signals from different developmental stages of B. tabaci, and the screened effectors may serve as key targets for further research on pathogen fungus-B. tabaci interactions.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:01 Bemisia tabaci]]> Euphorbia helioscopia and obtain high-efficiency strains for the biological control of tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci, endophytes were isolated from the stems and leaves of E. helioscopia using tissue segment separation and tissue homogenization techniques. Strains with the ability to produce protease and chitinase were preliminarily screened using the clear zone method. The chitinase activity of the primarily screened strains was determined by the 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid method. The toxic effect of the fermentation supernatant and crude enzyme solution of the target strain against B. tabaci was evaluated using the feeding method. The target strain was identified with morphological observation and molecular biological methods. The results showed that a total of 45 strains were isolated from the stems and leaves of E. helioscopia, and four strains capable of producing both protease and chitinase were obtained from the primary screening. Among these four strains, strain J3 produced clear zones on both protease and chitinase detection plates, with the zones exhibiting clear edges, transparency, uniformity, and high definition. The chitinase activity of strain J3 showed a regular dynamic change over fermentation time, indicating a high enzymeproducing potential. Both the fermentation supernatant and crude enzyme solution of strain J3 exhibited insecticidal activity agains B. tabaci, with the mortalities of adult whiteflies reaching 78.00% and 96.67%, respectively, after 48 h of treatment. Strain J3 was identified as Streptomyces sp. based on morphological observation and molecular biological identification. These results indicate that strain J3 isolated and purified from the stems and leaves of E. helioscopia can serve as a potential microbial resource for the biological control of B. tabaci.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:01 Bemisia tabaci]]> Bemisia tabaci with dehydrocostus lactone as the core component, laboratory toxicity tests were conducted on the combinations of dehydrocostus lactone with two insecticides, thiamethoxam and sulfoxaflor. The combination showing better laboratory toxicity was selected for field trials, in which its field control efficacy and effects on pepper agronomic traits and yield were evaluated. The results showed that the combinations of dehydrocostus lactone with both thiamethoxam and sulfoxaflor exhibited synergistic efficacy against B. tabaci. The synergistic ratio of the thiamethoxam + dehydrocostus lactone combination(2.215) was higher than that of the sulfoxaflor + dehydrocostus lactone combination(1.409). At three and nine days after application, the corrected control efficacy of the combination of 54.688 mg/L 25% thiamethoxam with dehydrocostus lactone against B. tabaci was 76.76% and 87.08%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of 54.688 mg/L 25% thiamethoxam alone at the same concentration. Furthermore, 20 ¦Ìg/mL dehydrocostus lactone significantly promoted pepper growth and increased pepper yield. These results demonstrate that dehydrocostus lactone can serve as both a green plant protection synergist and plant growth regulator with dual application prospects.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:01 Bemisia tabaci]]> Bemisia tabaci to afidopyropen, the leaf-dip method was used to determine the resistance levels of field populations collected from nine regions across Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, and Henan provinces/municipalities. A susceptible laboratory strain was subjected to continuous resistance selection with afidopyropen for 15 generations to estimate the realized heritability(h²) and predict the rate of resistance development. Cross-resistance to six insecticides(abamectin, cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, sulfoxaflor, flupyradifurone, and bifenthrin) was also evaluated. The results indicated that the resistance ratios of eight populations¡ªTongzhou(Beijing), Changping(Beijing), Pinggu(Beijing), Xiqing(Tianjin), Wuqing(Tianjin), Chongli(Zhangjiakou), Huailai(Zhangjiakou), and Tieling(Liaoning)¡ªranged from 1.1 to 2.7-fold(<3-fold), suggesting susceptible levels. The population from Qixian(Henan) exhibited a resistance ratio of 3.9-fold, indicating a stage of reduced sensitivity. After 15 generations of resistance selection, the resistance ratio of B. tabaci SEL-R population to afidopyropen reached 5.4-fold, with an h² value of 0.107. Under selection pressures of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%, the numbers of generations required for a 10-fold increase in resistance were 22.09, 18.15, 15.12, 12.60, and 10.00 generations, respectively; for a 100-fold increase, the corresponding numbers were 44.18, 36.30, 30.25, 25.20, and 20.00 generations, respectively. The afidopyropen-selected strain showed cross-resistance ratios ranging from 0.9 to 1.2(<3-fold) to the six insecticides, indicating an absence of cross-resistance. In conclusion, B. tabaci poses a discernible risk of developing resistance to afidopyropen. Therefore, the application dosage and frequency in the field should be rationally regulated, and it is advisable to use afidopyropen in rotation or combination with insecticides featuring distinct modes of action.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:02 Bemisia tabaci]]> Drosophila melanogaster, supplemented by the other agricultural insect pests. This review systematically introduces how insects transform nutritional needs into neuroendocrine signals according to their own physiological states. Particularly, the regulatory mechanism of neuropeptides and important discoveries in the neural circuits in various stages of insect feeding behavior. Furthermore, we outlooked the molecular regulation mechanism to provide a theoretical basis for the development of insect feeding behavior control method.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:02 2026/7/7 18:19:02 Tobamovirus fructirugosum, ToBRFV) is an emerging and rapidly spreading RNA virus that infects solanaceous crops such as tomato and pepper, with tomato as the primary host. The virus causes severe yield losses and poses a significant threat to global tomato production. ToBRFV was first identified in greenhouse-grown tomato plants in Jordan in the spring of 2015, while its first outbreak can be traced back to Israel in 2014. To date, this virus has been reported in at least 35 countries across four continents worldwide. This review systematically summarizes and discusses the latest research progress and future development trends in key areas related to ToBRFV, including its biological characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, detection methods, resistance mechanisms, breeding strategies, and host responses. It aims to provide theoretical reference for the accurate detection and long-term effective control of ToBRFV.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:03 Hopscotch(Hop) gene in the innate immune response of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua and its role resistance to ascovirus HvAV-3h infection, the SeHop gene was identified based on transcriptome data from S. exigua, and its sequence characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, and conserved domains were analyzed. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression pattern of SeHop at different time points after HvAV-3h infection. Furthermore, the effects of SeHop gene silencing combined with HvAV-3h infection on apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species(ROS) levels in fat body cells of S. exigua were analyzed. The results showed that S. exigua SeHop encodes 1 114 amino acids and contains typical Hop family domains, exhibiting high conservation with closely related species. During the early stage of HvAV-3h infection(0-24 h), SeHop gene expression in S. exigua was significantly upregulated, with the most dramatic changes occurring within two hours post-infection. After SeHop was silenced for 48 h followed by HvAV-3h infection for two hours, apoptosis in fat body cells of S. exigua was significantly enhanced compared to the control, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced, and ROS accumulated substantially. These findings indicate that the SeHop gene, as a key component of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, plays an important role in the early immune response of S. exigua against HvAV-3h infection, and its mechanism involves the regulation of apoptosis and oxidative stress.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:03 Therioaphis trifolii, in host plant developmental stage, the nutritional differences between the vegetative-and reproductive-stage, alfalfa Medicago sativa and their effects on aphid population growth, body nutrient contents, and the expression of metabolic genes were systematically compared. The results indicated that, compared with the vegetative stage, reproductive-stage alfalfa exhibited significantly reduced contents of crude protein, soluble sugar, and crude fat, but significantly higher contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and total saponin. Compared with aphids feeding on vegetable-stage alfalfa, aphids feeding on reproductive-stage alfalfa showed significantly lower intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate, and finite rate of increase, significantly prolonged nymphal developmental duration, and a reduced peak adult survival rate. In addition, the contents of total protein, total fat, glycogen, and trehalose, in aphids were significantly decreased, and the relative expression levels of trehalase, fatty acid synthase, and amino acid transporter genes were significantly downregulated. These findings indicate that the reproductive-stage alfalfa suppresses the fitness of T. trifolii, at the molecular, physiological, and population levels through the combined effects of nutritional deficiency and enhanced resistance. Frequent mowing in alfalfa production maintains plants in the vegetative stage for extended period and may consequently promote aphid population growth.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:03 AgPYC in the growth, development and honeydew production of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii, bioinformatics analysis of the AgPYC gene was performed. The interference fragment dsAgPYC was synthesized in vitro, and RNA interference assays were conducted to evaluate the effects of AgPYC silencing on the total sugar content in cotton aphids and their honeydews, as well as on aphid growth, developmental and population life table parameters. The results showed that the AgPYC gene sequence possessed typical structural features of PYC, and the predicted PYC protein was primarily localized in mitochondria. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the amino acid sequence of the AgPYC protein was most closely related to that of PYC protein Cinara cedri. Among the three tested dsAgPYC concentrations, 750 ng/¦ÌL dsAgPYC exhibited the highest silencing efficiency. At 72 h after spraying with 750 ng/¦ÌL dsAgPYC, the relative expression level AgPYC in cotton aphids decreased by 44.5% compared with that after ds GFP treatment, and the total sugar contents in cotton aphids and their honeydews decreased by 16.2% and 18.1%, respectively, compared with those after ddH₂O treatment. After spraying with 750 ng/¦ÌL dsAgPYC, the body size of cotton aphids was markedly smaller than that in the other treatments, the cumulative mortality reached 47.8% on day 9, accompanied by a notable decline in the population fitness index(0.71). These findings indicate that the AgPYC gene may play an important regulatory role in sugar metabolism, honeydew formation, and growth and development in cotton aphids.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:03 Sitobion avenae and wheat yield loss and to establish dynamic control thresholds, three main wheat cultivars(Xinong 511, Jimai 336, and Nongda 753) were used as materials. A combination of artificial aphid inoculation and cage enclosure was employed to precisely control aphid population densities at 0, 1 000, 2 000, and 3 000 aphids per 100 stems during the grain-filling stage. Thousand-kernel weight loss rate and yield loss rate were systematically measured, and regression models between population density of S. avenae during the grain-filling stage and the loss rates were constructed. According to industry standards, the densities of S. avenae corresponding to grades 1-5 were calculated using thousand-kernel weight loss rate and yield loss rate as criteria, and the economic injury level and dynamic control threshold under different wheat yield levels were calculated in accordance with economic ecological principles. The results indicated that the grain-filling stage was the peak occurrence period of S. avenae and the critical period for yield loss. Wheat cultivar, survey time, and aphid inoculation density exhibited extremely significant effects on the population density of S. avenae during the grain-filling stage; the thousand-kernel weight loss rate and yield loss rate of the three tested wheat varieties both showed significant positive correlations with the density of S. avenae during the grain-filling stage, and the regression models showed good fit. The density of S. avenae during the grain-filling stage and wheat variety were both key factors influencing wheat yield. As the occurrence grade of S. avenae increased, its density range expanded significantly. When the expected wheat yields were 4 500 kg/hm²and 6 000 kg/hm², the economically acceptable yield loss rates caused by S. avenae were 8.89% and 6.67%, respectively. Using wheat yield loss rate as the criterion, the economic injury levels of S. avenae during the wheat grain-filling stage, the peak damage period, were 1 322.9 and 1 056.7 individuals per 100 stems, respectively. These rsults indicate that the dynamic control threshold system for S. avenae established in this study balances timeliness and operability and can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for precise monitoring and scientific control of aphids in major wheat-producing regions of China.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:04 Orius sauteri on four major insect pests in alfalfa fields, the daily predation rates of female and male adults of O. sauteri on Therioaphis trifolii, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Odontothrips loti were measured under laboratory conditions. The functional response, searching efficiency, and intraspecific interference effects were fitted and analyzed. The results showed that the functional responses of O. sauteri to all four pest species conformed to the Holling type II model. Orius sauteri exhibited the highest predation efficiency against F. occidentalis, with a theoretical maximum daily predation rate of 61.305-63.343 individuals and a pest control efficacy exceeding 70%, whereas its predation efficiency against the two aphid species(T. trifolii and A. pisum) was relatively low. Searching efficiency decreased with increasing prey density, with a slower decline for thrips and a more pronounced decline for aphids. An increase in the density of O. sauteri significantly reduced individual predation, indicating strong intraspecific interference among O. sauteri individuals, with no significant difference between sexes.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:04 Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 against the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis, the LC₃₀and LC₅₀values against firstinstar larvae were determined using probit analysis. Subsequently. An age-stage, two-sex life table was then employed to analyze changes in developmental duration, reproductive parameters, and population parameters of O. furnacalis under LC₃₀and LC₅₀fermentation broth treatments. The results demonstrated that the LC₃₀and LC₅₀values of T. asperellum fermentation broth against first-instar larvae of O. furnacalis were 3.58×10⁴and 7.78×10⁴spores/mL, respectively. Both LC₃₀and LC₅₀treatments prolonged larval development duration, pupal duration and the pre-adult period, while shortening the adult preoviposition period, total preoviposition period, and adult longevity. In addition, pupal weight was significantly decreased under both treatments, and fecundity per female was significantly reduced by 31.31% and 71.14%, respectively. Furthermore, the LC₅₀treatment significantly decreased the net reproductive rate(R₀), intrinsic rate of increase(r), and finite rate of increase(¦Ë) of O. furnacalis by 80.00%, 9.10%, and 5.30%, respectively, and significantly prolonged the mean generation time(T) from 32.90 d to 35.76 d. In contrast, these population parameters did not differ significantly between the LC₃₀treatment and the control. These findings indicate that LC₃₀and LC₅₀fermentation broths of T. asperellum hinder the population growth of O. furnacalis through the combined effects of prolonging developmental duration and suppressing fecundity, demonstrating potential for development as Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:04 Schizaphis graminum to the novel neonicotinoid insecticide flupyradifurone and its molecular mechanisms, laboratory resistance selection was performed. Synergist assays and detoxification enzyme activity assays were carried out to preliminarily explore the biochemical mechanism of resistance. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the expression levels of cytochrome P450(P450) genes, and the functions of upregulated P450 genes were further verified by RNA interference(RNAi). The results showed that after 20 generations of continuous selection with flupyradifurone, the resistance ratio of S. graminum increased to 26.06-fold, reaching a moderate resistance level. The resistant population showed no obvious cross-resistance to imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, abamectin, and chlorfenapyr, but showed low-level cross-resistance to deltamethrin. The P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide had a significant synergistic effect on flupyradifurone, and P450 activity significantly higher in the resistant population than in the susceptible population. The expression levels of four P450 genes, CYP380C6, CYP4CJ1, CYP4C1 and CYP4CJ5, were significantly higher in the resistant population than in the susceptible population. After these four genes were silenced, the sensitivity of S. graminum to flupyradifurone increased significantly. These results indicate that the enhanced P450 activity and overexpression of CYP380C6, CYP4CJ1, CYP4C1, CYP4CJ5 genes are important mechanisms underlying metabolic resistance to flupyradifurone in S. graminum.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:05 Rhopalosiphum maidis to neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid and pyrethroid insecticides, such as lambda-cyhalothrin, resistance monitoring and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase(P450) gene expression analysis was conducted in ten geographical populations collected from northern China using the leaf-dip method, and key genes were functionally validated by RNA interference. The results showed that all ten geographical populations of R. maidis had developed varying degrees of resistance to imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin, with resistance ratios ranging from 1.6-to 32.7-fold and from 1.1- to 12.5-fold, respectively, showing clear geographical variation. Among them, the Yuanyang(Henan) and Zhenping(Henan) populations showed the highest resistance levels, with resistance ratios of 32.7-and 26.2-fold to imidacloprid and 12.5-and 9.7-fold to lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. In highly resistant populations, the baseline expression levels of several P450 genes(RmCYP6ER1, RmCYP6C71, RmCYP6C72) were significantly higher than those in the susceptible population. Under exposure to the LC₅₀of imidacloprid or lambda-cyhalothrin, the expression levels of these genes were significantly upregulated within 24 h and remained high within 48 h. Moreover, resistance levels in different geographical populations were significantly positively correlated with P450 gene expression levels. Silencing these key P450 genes significantly restored the susceptibility of highly resistant populations to both insecticides. These results indicate that R. maidis populations in northern China have developed resistance to both imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin, and that P450-mediated enhanced metabolism is a key molecular mechanism underlying this resistance.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:05 Frankliniella intonsa from cotton-growing areas of Xinjiang, the toxicity of 11 insecticides to populations collected from eastern Xinjiang(Hami), northern Xinjiang(Bole, Changji, Shihezi), and southern Xinjiang(Aksu, Kashgar, Korla) was determined using the dipping method, and resistance ratios(RRs) were calculated. The results indicated that the seven populations had developed high-level resistance to afidopyropen(except the Changji population), cyantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole, and lambdacyhalothrin, with resistance ratios exceeding 111.0. Among them, the Kashgar population exhibited extremely high resistance to cyantraniliprole, with a RR value of 3 906.6. The seven populations showed moderate resistance to dinotefuran, imidacloprid(except the Shihezi population) and fenpropathrin, with RRs ranging from 12.5 to 96.2. The Korla population developed moderate resistance to chlorfenapyr(RR=23.8), whereas the other six populations remained susceptible or exhibited low levels of resistance(1F. intonsa in Xinjiang cotton fields. Overall, the resistance levels of F. intonsa field populations in southern and northern Xinjiang were significantly higher than those in eastern Xinjiang.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:05 Fusarium crown rot and its dominant pathogenic species in China was conducted and identified from 2018 to 2025. The survey results indicated that the occurring acreage of Fusarium crown rot has annually exceeded 6.67 million hm²in China in recent years, which can cause wheat yield losses ranging from 10.69% to 51.57%, with an average of 25.12% in seriously diseased fields. Based on the diseased rates and geoecological conditions, the Fusarium crown rot distribution can be divided into three major zones in China, i.e.severe occurrence zones with the diseased field rates(DFRs) of more than 90% and the diseased plant rates(DPRs) of more than 5%, usual occurrence zones with DFRs of 50%-90% and DPRs of 1%-5% and sporadical occurrence zones with DFRs of less than 50% and DPRs of less than 1%. A total of 6 140 isolates were collected and identified in the laboratory, and three species of Fusarium pseudograminearum, F. graminearum, F. culmorum were most frequently detected with the frequencies of 71.21%, 10.57% and 7.05%, respectively, of which F. pseudograminearum is the predominant pathogen species in the northern wheat regions. The strategy of regionally integrated management for Fusarium crown rot has been proposed: ¡®internal regulation and external therapy, overground control and underground promotion'. The technical combinations of integrated Fusarium crown rot management i.e. ¡®resistance varieties + seed coating with fungicides + suitable late sowing + spraying fungicides in the regreening-jointing stages' have been developed, and applied in wheat plantation resulting in the significant efficiency of disease prevention and yield protection.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:05 Allium-infecting viruses, including leek yellow stripe virus(LYSV), garlic latent virus(GLV), and garlic common latent virus(GCLV). The detection limit for the OYDV coat protein(CP) gene was 10² copies/¦ÌL, which is ten times more sensitive than polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Moreover, the assay reliably detected OYDV in field samples. It is easy to operate, requires no sophisticated instrument or professional expertise, and is suitable for rapid on-site detection, thus providing technical support for early monitoring and management of OYDV.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:06 Chromolaena odorata, an improved object detection model YOLOv5n-ChtaFSD is constructed based on YOLOv5n. In the neck of the model, an efficient re-parameterizable generalized feature pyramid network(Efficient RepGFPN) is introduced, which not only improves detection accuracy but also reduces inference time by eliminating redundant upsampling operations. Meanwhile, the model embeds a simple parameter-free attention module(SimAM), which adaptively selects features based on feature importance, thereby enhancing the model's small-target perception capability and mitigating missed detection caused by sparse features. Furthermore, the model adopts a dynamic head(DyHead) that improves the effect of multi-scale feature fusion and small-target localization accuracy through dynamic attention mechanism and unified scale modeling. The results show that the precision, recall rate and mean average precision of the YOLOv5n-ChtaFSD model reach 90.7%, 81.6% and 85.9%, which are 4.5%, 4.7% and 4.0% higher than those of the original model, respectively, and the proposed model is significantly superior to YOLOv5n, YOLOv5s, YOLOv8n, YOLOv8s, YOLOv11n and YOLOv11s models. With 2.4 M parameters, 5.4 GFLOPs of computational complexity and a model size of 4.9 MB, YOLOv5n-ChtaFSD achieves superior detection performance in complex environments with fewer parameters, making it suitable for deployment on edge devices such as mobile robots.]]> 2026/7/7 18:19:06 2026/7/7 18:19:06