中国小麦茎基腐病发生流行概况及其综合防治对策

Occurrence and epidemic dynamics of Fusarium crown rot in wheat and integrated management strategies in China

中文关键词:小麦  茎基腐病  假禾谷镰孢菌  发生与分布  区域综合防治策略

keywords:wheat  Fusarium crown rot  Fusarium pseudograminearum  occurrence and distribution  regionally integrated management strategy

中文摘要:为明确中国小麦茎基腐病的流行规律、病原组成及其区域分布特征，科学指导该病害的监测预警与绿色防控，于2018—2025年对该病在全国的发生分布及其优势病原菌种类进行系统调查和鉴定。结果表明：中国小麦茎基腐病每年发生面积已超过667万hm²，重发麦田可致小麦产量损失率达10.69%～51.57%，平均为25.12%。根据病害发生程度和地理生态条件，将病害发生流行区域划分为严重发生区（病田率90%以上和病株率5%以上）、一般发生区（病田率50%～90%和病株率1%～5%）和零星发生区（病田率50%以下和病株率1%以下）。对分离的6 140株小麦茎基腐病病原菌菌株的鉴定结果表明，引起中国小麦茎基腐病的优势病原菌种类主要有假禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium pseudograminearum、禾谷镰孢菌F. graminearum和黄色镰孢菌F. culmorum，出现频率分别为71.21%、10.57%和7.05%，北方麦区以假禾谷镰孢菌为主。基于研究结果提出病害分区治理和“内调外疗、上控下促”的综合防治策略，构建了“两种一晚一喷”综合防治技术，在实际生产应用中防病保产效果十分显著。

Abstract:To better understand the epidemic dynamics, pathogen composition, and geographic distribution of wheat crown rot in China and to provide a scientific basis for its monitoring, early warning, and green integrated management, an investigation on the occurrence distribution of Fusarium crown rot and its dominant pathogenic species in China was conducted and identified from 2018 to 2025. The survey results indicated that the occurring acreage of Fusarium crown rot has annually exceeded 6.67 million hm²in China in recent years, which can cause wheat yield losses ranging from 10.69% to 51.57%, with an average of 25.12% in seriously diseased fields. Based on the diseased rates and geoecological conditions, the Fusarium crown rot distribution can be divided into three major zones in China, i.e.severe occurrence zones with the diseased field rates(DFRs) of more than 90% and the diseased plant rates(DPRs) of more than 5%, usual occurrence zones with DFRs of 50%-90% and DPRs of 1%-5% and sporadical occurrence zones with DFRs of less than 50% and DPRs of less than 1%. A total of 6 140 isolates were collected and identified in the laboratory, and three species of Fusarium pseudograminearum, F. graminearum, F. culmorum were most frequently detected with the frequencies of 71.21%, 10.57% and 7.05%, respectively, of which F. pseudograminearum is the predominant pathogen species in the northern wheat regions. The strategy of regionally integrated management for Fusarium crown rot has been proposed: ‘internal regulation and external therapy, overground control and underground promotion'. The technical combinations of integrated Fusarium crown rot management i.e. ‘resistance varieties + seed coating with fungicides + suitable late sowing + spraying fungicides in the regreening-jointing stages' have been developed, and applied in wheat plantation resulting in the significant efficiency of disease prevention and yield protection.